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La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
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mise à jour du
6 novembre 2003
European J Obstetrics & gyneco and reproductive biology
1988;29:97-105
lexique
Fetal mouth movments during behavioural
states 1F and 2F
E van Woerden et al
Department obstetrics, Academisch Zeikenhuis Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, NL
 
Fetal yawning : a behavior's birth with 4D US revealed

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Abstract : The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of mouth movements during behavioural states 1F (quiet sleep) and 2F (active sleep) in the near term human fetus. Thirty-six women participated. Fetal heart rate and fetal movements were recorded for 2 hours continuously. Videotapes with enclosed periods 1F and 2F were replayed to record fetal mouth movements in detail. During 1F, regular mouthing movements dominated (present in 74%), while jaw opening, yawn and grimace were only observed in 5 to 16% of the recordings. Tongue protrusion was not observed in 1F. In all 2F periods jaw opening was present (100%), while tongue protrusion, yawn and grimace were also frequently observed. Regular mouthing was observed in 2F in only two fetuses. For regular mouthing and sucking, onset-to-onset intervals of clusters, cluster duration, and number and frequency of movements within clusters were calculated. In all aspects the differences between these two types of movement were statistically significant. Within the clusters of regular mouthing a decline in the mouthing frequency was found. The data on fetal regular mouthing correspond with observations in the neonate.
 
Introduction : Fetal mouth movments can be observed with real-time echoscopy from 10 to 12 weeks onward. The following movments have been descrided: jaw opening, yawn, sucking and swallowing. Later in pregnancy a typical movement pattern, called regular mouthing, is visible: repeated small movements of mouth or chin occurring in clusters. Another type of fetal mouth movement occurring in a rhythmical fashion is sucking. This movement involves the buccal region, there is a larger widening of the jaws than in regular mouthing and it is sometimes followed by swallowing.
 
So far the temporal organisation of fetal mouth movements has not been examined. This paper describes the incidence of various types of fetal mouth movement in the near-term human fetus, in particular during the two most prevailing fetal behavioural states 1F (quiet sleep) and 2F (active sleep). The pattern of fetal regular mouthing and sucking is analysed in detail. [...]
fetal yawn
Discussion: The temporal pattern of the various discernable mouth has been described and analysed within periods of C1F and C2F in the near-term human fetus. During the C1F periods the prevailing type of mouth movements is regular mouthing. Other types of movement only occur sporadically. During the C2F periods, a wide variety of mouth movements is present, with jaw opening being the most prominent.

In studies on the neonate the terminology used for mouth movements with a rhythmical pattern is confusing. The concept of rhythmical or regular mouthing is commonly used for spontaneous mouth movements occurring in clusters. Other denominations are: spontaneous non-nutritive sucking and spontaneous sucking movements. Wolff, on the other hand, distinguished spontaneous regular mouthing from non-nutritive sucking (NNS) and nutritive sucking (NS). The latter two movements were studied with a blind nipple (in case of NNS) or a nursing nipple (in case of NS), connected to a pressure transducer. NNS was considered any repetitive mouthing activity other than biting, and appeared to cause changes in positive pressure. NS was defined as any repetitive mouthing activity on a nursing nipple associated with negative intra-oral pressure sufficient to deliver a potable fluid from that nipple. Despite the muddle in terminology the results on mouthing movements in these studies correspond with our own. All authors report a frequency of mouthing movements around two per second within a cluster, similar to our results in the fetus.

Wolff found the same mouthing rhythm with and without a pacifier. The author described in his study a decline in the sucking rate within clusters of non-nutritive sucking. We found the same phenomenon with regard to the pattern of regular mouthing in the term fetus. This supports the assumption that non-nutritive sucking and regular mouthing are regulated by the same mechanism in the central nervous system. Probably the presence of a pacifier elicits regular mouthing movements, which are also performed spontaneously.

In the neonate, regular mouthing is most frequently observed during state 1 (quiet sleep) and is more rarely observed during state 2 (active sleep).Our results are in agreement with these findings. As Wolff did in his study, we found a slower mean frequency per second for sucking compared to regular mouthing (1.4 + 0.2 vs. 2.5 + 0.2). The typical cluster configuration of the sucking movements in the fetus bas not been described by Wolff for the nutritive sucking in the neonate: nutritive sucking is organized as a continuous stream rather than an alternation of bursts and rest periods. In fact, the presence or absence of a burst-rest configuration was directly related to the absence or presence of milk flow. In this respect the fetus differs from the neonate (sucking does not have a nutritive function yet) which could explain the discrepancy in sucking pattern.

Among many other factors mouth movements. in particular regular mouthing and sucking, influence the fetal heart rate. During sucking movements a sinusoidal-like heart rate pattern appears. Regular mouthing is reflected in the heart rhythm as an oscillatory pattern with a mean frequency of 3 (SEM 0.15) per minute and a mean amplitude of 9 (SEM 0.35) bpm. One of the factors leading to decreased or absent heart rate variability (the so-called silent heart rate pattern) could be absence of regular mouthing. Further studies are necessary to assess the relationship between the pattern of mouth movements in relation to heart rhythm and behavioural states in compromised fetuses.

 fetal yawn