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Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
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Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
Le bâillement foetal
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mise à jour du
18 août 2014
Avicenna J Phytomed
2013;3(3):231-237
Turmeric active substance, curcumin,
enhanced apomorphine-induced yawning in rats
Esmaeal Tamaddonfard
 
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Urmia University, Iran

Chat-logomini

Popular South Asian spice turmeric and Yawning
 
Curcumin (pronounced "Kur kyoo min") is a diarylheptanoid. It is the principal curcuminoid of the popular South Asian spice turmeric, which is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae). Turmeric's other two curcuminoids are desmethoxycurcumin and bis-desmethoxycurcumin. The curcuminoids are natural phenols that are responsible for the yellow color of turmeric.
 
Curcumin is a major constituent of turmeric and influences many functions of the brain. In the present study, the authors investigated the effect of curcumin on yawning induced by apomorphine in rats.
 
Curcumin administered orally for 10 consecutive days. Yawning was induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of apomorphine (a dopamine receptor agonist) and the number of yawns was recorded for a period of 30 min.
 
Apomorphine (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg) produced yawning. Haloperidol (a dopamine receptors antagonist) at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg partially and at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg completely inhibited apomorphine-induced yawning. Curcumin alone produced no yawning, whereas at doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg, it increased yawning induced by 0.1 mg/kg of apomorphine. Curcumin at the high doses (30 and 60 mg/kg) produced yawning when apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) action was partially blocked with 0.5 mg/kg of haloperidol. In the presence of complete blockade of apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) action with 0.2 mg/kg of haloperidol, curcumin did not produce yawning.
 
The results showed that curcumin at high doses increased apomorphine-induced yawning. In the presence of partial, but not complete blockade of apomorphine action, curcumin produced yawning. Curcumin produced a dopamine-like effect on yawning.
 
curcumin
 
Safran des Indes et bâillements
 
La curcumine ou diféruloylméthane est le pigment principal du curcuma (Curcuma longa), aussi appelé safran des Indes. C'est un pigment polyphénolique (curcumoïde) qui donne une couleur jaune.
 
La curcumine est le constituant actif principal du curcuma et influence l'activité cérébrale. Dans la présente étude, les auteurs ont étudié l'effet de la curcumine sur le bâillement induit par l'apomorphine chez le rat.
 
La curcumine a été administrée par voie orale pendant 10 jours consécutifs. Le bâillement a été induit par injection d'apomorphine (un agoniste du récepteur de la dopamine), par voie sous-cutanée (sc) et le nombre de bâillements été enregistrés pendant une période de 30 min.
 
L'apomorphine (0,05 et 0,1 mg / kg) déclenche des bâillements. L'halopéridol (un antagoniste des récepteurs de la dopamine), à une dose de 0,05 mg/kg inhibe partiellement et à une dose de 0,2 mg / kg inhibe complètement les bâillements induits par l'apomorphine. La curcumine seul ne produit aucun bâillement, alors que des doses de 30 et 60 mg/kg, a augmenté le nombre de bâillements induits par 0,1 mg/kg d'apomorphine. La curcumine à des doses élevées (30 et 60 mg/kg) a produit des bâillements alors que l'action de l'apomorphine (0,1 mg/kg) était partiellement bloquée avec 0,5 mg/kg d'halopéridol. En présence du blocage complet de l'effet de l'apomorphine (0,1 mg/kg) avec 0,2 mg/kg d'halopéridol, la curcumine n'a pas produit de bâillement.
 
Ces résultats montrent que la curcumine à des doses élevées augmente le nombre de bâillements induits par l'apomorphine. En présence d'une dose réduite, mais l'action de l'apomorphine le blocage n'est pas complet et pourtant la curcumine provoque des bâillements. La curcumine a un effet dopamine-like pour délclencher des bâillements.
Introduction
 
Yawning is a common stereotyped behavior that occurs in most vertebrates and humans (Baenninger and Greco, 1991). In mammals, it consists of an involuntary sequence of mouth opening, deep inspiration, brief apnea, and slow expiration (Baenninger, 1997). Yawning is under a coordinated control of several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as histamine, acetylcholine, excitatory amino acids, y aminobutyric acid (GABA), oxytocin, and opioid peptides in the central nervous system (Tamaddonfard et al., 2008a; Collins and Equibar, 2010). Several lines of pharmacological evidence suggest that dopamine is involved in the yawning expression (Melis et al., 1987; Zarrindast and Jamshidzadeh, 1992; Collins et al., 2005; Li et al., 2010).
 
Curcumin is the active ingredient in the traditional herbal remedy and dietary spice turmeric and has a surprisingly wide range of beneficial properties, including antiinflammatory, analgesic, antiepileptic, antioxidant, chemopreventive, and chemotherapeutic activities (Hatcher et al., 2008; Tamaddonfard et al., 2009, 2010, 2012). Curcumin influences brain neurotransmission, function, and behavior (Kulkarni et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2008; Bhutani et al., 2009). Some evidences suggest protective roles for curcumin in brain pathology. Oral administration of curcumin has resulted in the inhibition of amyloid l
 
deposition and oligomerization, and tau phosphorylation in the brains of Alzheimer disease animal models, and improvements in behavioral impairment in animal models (Hamaguchi et al., 2010). In intracerebral hemorrhage model in mice, curcumin prompted hematoma resolution and limited neurological injury (King et al., 2011).
 
In the present study, we investigated the effects of oral administrations of curcumin on yawning induced by apomorphine. In the
 
presence of partial and complete blockades of apomorphine action with low and high doses of haloperidol, the effects of curcumin on yawning were also investigated.
 
Discussion
 
In the present study, apomorphine produced yawning and haloperidol inhibited apomorphine-induced yawning. This confirms the dopaminergic system involvement in yawning phenomena. The involvement of dopamine in yawning was first suggested by the discovery that dopamine receptor agonists such as apomorphine, bromocriptine, and lisuride were able to induce yawning in rats (Baggio and Ferrari, 1983; Melis et al., 1987; Ushijima et al., 1988). Using dopamine agonists such as apomorphine, bromocriptine, pramipexole, quinelorane, and quinpirol, and dopamine antagonists including L-721 626, U991194, and nafadotride, the involvement of dopaminergic system in yawning was firmly confirmed (Collins et al., 2005, 2007). Haloperidol, a nonselective dopaminergic antagonist with high affinity for all dopamine receptor subtypes (Sokoloff et al., 1992), inhibited PD-128907-, quinelorane-, and apomorphine-induced yawning in rats (Collins et al., 2005, 2007).
 
In the present study, we used oral administration of a normal saline suspension of curcumin. Curcumin is insoluble in water, but is soluble in ethanol, alkalis, ketone, acetic acid, and chloroform (Araujo and Leon, 2001). Oral administrations of a normal saline suspension of curcumin have been frequently used to survey its biological and pharmacological properties (Tamaddonfard et al., 2008b, 2009; Buadonpri et al., 2009). We observed curcumin responses with high (30 and 60 mg/kg), but not low and medium (3.75, 6.5, and 15 mg/kg) doses. This result is in agreement with other findings in which responses to high doses of curcumin were studied (Tamaddonfard et al., 2008, 2009; Buadonpri et al., 2009). This effect of curcumin may partly be due to its low systemic bioavai lability following oral
 
administration due to efficient first-pass metabolism and some degrees of intestinal metabolism (Sharma et al., 2007). Although curcumin has low systemic bioavailability after oral administration, the achievement of efficacious concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract is sufficient for exerting beneficial effects in animals and humans (Sharmaet al., 2005).
 
In the present study, curcumin increased apomorphine-induced yawning. In addition, in the presence of partial blockade of apomorphine action with haloperidol, curcumin produced yawning. Moreover, when apomorphine effect was completely blocked with haloperidol, curcumin did not produce yawning. These indicate that curcumin contributes to dopaminergic system in producing yawning. Curcumin exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, crosses the blood-brain barrier and is neuroprotective in neurological disorders such as Parkinson [I s disease (Mythri and Bharat, 2012). Curcumin potentially affects dopaminergic neuron function and health in the brain. Acute administration of curcumin at high (40 and 80 mg/kg), but not at low (10 and 20 mg/kg) doses, increased dopamine levels in the brain (Kulkarni et al., 2008).
 
Curcumin pretreatment mitigated lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration and curcumin posttreatment showed protective effects (Yang et al., 2008). Long-term (21 days) administration of haloperidol increased vacuous chewing movements and facial jerkings and decreased turnover of dopamine in cortical and subcortical regions of the brain. Chronic pretreatment with curcumin reversed all changes induced by haloperidol (Bishoni et al., 2008). In addition, chronic oral administration of curcuminoids including curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin prevented striatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinsonism in rats (Agrawal et al., 2012). Curcumin, through its iron-chelating property, produced protective effects on 6-hydroxydopamineinduced degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons (Du et al., 2012). Moreover, curcumin supplementation reduced alternation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of diabetic rats (Kumar et al., 2010). It seems that curcumin can affect brain neurotransmitter function through multiple pathways including gene expression, receptor protection, and neurotransmitter level changing.
 
In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that apomorphine by activating endogenous dopamine produced yawning, and haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, blocked apomorphine-induced yawning. Curcumin increased the yawning induced by apomorphine. In the presence of partial, but not complete blockade of apomorphine action with haloperidol, curcumin produced yawning. Curcumin, at least, in the present study exerted a dopamine-like activity.