Do we yawn when
affected by Parkinson's disease ? not
always.
In healthy subjects, yawning usually occurs with
increasing sleepiness, possibly in order to counteract
low levels of arousal. Excessive daytime sleepiness is a
frequent complaint in patients with Parkinson's Disease
(PD) and sleepiness could be an initial manifestation
preceding other symptoms. As a consequence, PD patients
might experience an increase in yawning frequency, mainly
of yawning bursts, which are an index of yawning
production intensity.
In this study, the authors argue the a quick
succession of yawns represents the effort of PD patients
trying to remain alert and awake. However, there is a lot
of affected patients who did not yawn. Their yawns appear
after apomorphine's injection.
Bâille-t-on
quand on est affecté de la maladie de Parkinson ?
Pas toujours.
Chez les sujets sains, l'augmentation de la
somnolence est source de bâillements,
peut-être afin de stimuler la vigilance. La
somnolence diurne excessive est une plainte
fréquente chez les patients atteints de la maladie
de Parkinson (PD) et la somnolence des Parkinsonniens
pourrait être un symptôme initial en
précédant d'autres.
En conséquence, les parkinsoniens peuvent
constater une augmentation de la fréquence de
leurs bâillements, souvent en salves, qui
témoignent de l'importance de la somnolence. Au
cours de cette étude, les auteurs ont
confirmé cette hypothèse d'une tentative de
stimulation de la vigilance en bâillant. Il exitse
néanmoins des parkinsoniens qui ne bâillent
plus et voient leurs bâillements
réapparaitre après injection
d'apomorphine.
-Giganti F,
Hayes MJ Cioni G, Salzarulo P Yawning frequency and
distribution in preterm and near term infants assessed
throughout 24-h recordings Infant Behav & Development
2007;30(4):641-647
-Giganti F,
Ziello ME Contagious and spontaneous yawning in
autistic and typically developing children CPL 2009
-Giganti
F, Zilli I. The daily time course of contagious and
spontaneous yawning among humans. J Ethol
2011;29(2):215-216
-Giganti
F, Toselli M, Ramat S. Developmental trends in a
social behaviour: contagious yawning in the elderly.
Giornale di Psicologia dello Sviluppo.
2012;101:111-117
Yawning between
humans and dogs may involve some communicative
function
Studies of contagious yawning have reported
inconsistent findings regarding whether dogs exhibit this
behavior and whether it is mediated by social-cognitive
processes or the result of physiological arousal.
The authors investigated why some dogs yawn in
response to human yawns; particularly, whether these dogs
are exceptional in their ability to understand human
social cues or whether they were more physiologically
aroused. Sixty shelter dogs were exposed to yawning and
nonyawning control stimuli demonstrated by an unfamiliar
human. They took salivary cortisol samples before and
after testing to determine the role of arousal in yawn
contagion.
They interpret the findings as showing that human
yawning, when presented in a stressful context, can
further influence arousal in dogs, which then causes some
to yawn. Although the precise social-cognitive mechanisms
that underlie contagious yawning in dogs are still
unclear, yawning between humans and dogs may involve some
communicative function that is modulated by context and
arousal.
Les
bâillements entre humains et chiens peuvent
représenter une forme de
communication
Les articles parus récemment concernant la
contagion du bâillement du maître à
son chien ont apporté des données
contradictoires, c'est à dire certaines en faveur
d'un processus socio-cognitif (théorie de
l'esprit, empathie comme entre humains), d'autres
évoquant seulement l'effet inducteur de stress du
chien par le bâillement du maître. Cet
article tente d'apporter une clarification en mesurant
les modifications des niveaux du cortisol salivaire de
chiens observant des baillements humains. Hélas
pas de clarification, car le contexte semble
l'élément discriminatif essentiel. Le
bâillement du chien est un marqueur de
l'état de stress du chien que les
bâillements du maître contribuent à
augmenter...
-Harr AL,
Gilbert VR Do dogs show contagious yawning ? Anim
Cogn. 2009;12(6):833-837
-Lindsay
SR Coping with fear and stress: licking and yawning.
Handbook of applied dog behavior and training
2000
-Madsen EA,
Persson T. Contagious yawning in domestic dog puppies
(Canis lupus familiaris): the effect of ontogeny and
emotional closeness on low-level imitation in dogs. Anim
Cogn. 2012
-O'Hara SJ,
Reeve AV A test of the yawning contagion and
emotional connectedness hypothesis in dogs, Canis
familiaris. Animal Behaviour 2011;81:335-340
-Perkins
JR Teaching Dogs to Yawn, Sneeze, and Implications
for Preparedness Theory and Observational
Learning. In: Kusonose, Ryo and
Sato, Shusuke 39th Congress of the International Society
for Applied Ethology, Kanagawa, Japan. 20-24 August,
2005
-Silva K, Bessa
J, de Sousa L. Auditory contagious yawning in
domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): first evidence for
social modulation. Anim Cogn. 2012.
Dopamine D3 receptor
as a potential target for medication development to treat
substance abuse disorders
Although in vitro assays aid in identifying
receptor-selectivity and efficacy to guide medicinal
chemistry efforts to obtain highly selective and potent
drug-like molecules, in vivo assessments are necessary to
corroborate in vitro findings in order to validate
structure&endash;activity relationships.
Seminal reports by Collins et al. demonstrated, in
rodents, that a dopamine D2R/D3R agonist will produce an
inverted-U function on drug-elicited behavior in which
low-doses would elicit yawning and higher doses
would produce less yawning and concomitantly
induce hypothermia.
Through a series of elegant antagonist studies, it
was shown that D3Rs mediate the ascending limb of the
drug-elicited yawning curve whereas D2Rs were
implicated in the actions described on the descending
limb in which yawning was lower and hypothermia
was observed. While many neurotransmitter systems
contribute to yawning (for
review), this simple behavioral assay has been shown
to be pharmacologically sensitive to D3R-selective
compounds, thus making it a suitable framework for
determining the selectivity and efficacy of novel
compounds in vivo.
D3R- and D2R-elicited yawning and hypothermia,
respectively, have recently been validated in nonhuman
primates and employed to understand how a pharmacological
history can functionally alter D3Rs.
-Collins
GT, JM Witkin et al Dopamine agonist-induced yawning
in rats: a dopamine d3 receptor mediated behavior. J
Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;314(1):310-9.
-Collins
GT, Newman AH,Woods JH et al.Yawning and hypothermia
in rats: effects of dopamine D3 and D2 agonists and
antagonists. Psychopharmacology (Berl).
2007;193(2):159-170
-Collins
GT. et al. Food restriction alters
pramipexole-induced yawning, hypothermia, and locomotor
activity in rats: Evidence for sensitization of dopamine
D2 receptor-mediated effects. JEPT 2008;325:691-697
-Collins
GT et al. Narrowing in on compulsions: dopamine
receptor functions Exp Clin Psychopharmacol
2008,16(4):498-502
-Collins
GT et al. Pro-erectile Effects of Dopamine D2-like
Agonists are Mediated by the D3 Receptor in Rats and Mice
JPEP 2009;329(1):210-217
-Collins
GT, Truong YN, et al. Behavioral sensitization to
cocaine in rats: evidence for temporal differences in
dopamine D(3) and D (2) receptor sensitivity.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2011;215(4):609-20.
Marcus-Wöldike Kall, né le 19 septembre
1752 à Copenhague, suivit son cursus scolaire
à Randers au Danemark.
Il devient membre de "la société
médicale" du lieu en 1774. Il est
"licencié" en médecine en 1781.
Cet ouvrage sur le bâillement date de
1775.
Il publie aussi des livres d'obstétrique "De
dijudicando ossium parium situ, in dextro aut sinistro c.
h. latere" en 1777, puis "Specimen de vitiis
conformationis in superiori pelvis apertura: quae
dystociam producere valent" en 1778, en collaboration
avec Matthias Saxtorph (1740-1800) chez l'éditeur
danois Hafniae, Litteris J.R. Thielianis.
On retrouve son nom comme co-auteur sous le titre "De
febre intermittente frictione currata" dans le
mémoire d'une société savante
présenté avec Urbanus Brunt Aaskow "De
frictionum usu in febribus intermittentibus" (Acta Reg
soc Med Havniensis). On lui doit aussi unVie de
Jésus Christ en 1773.
Il meurt le 26 Septembre 1817 à Roskilde
où il exerça toute sa vie.
Combien de fois
bâillez-vous par jour ? <5 = 23,2%.. 5-10 =
22,4%.. 10-15 = 15,4%.. 15-20 = 10,8%.. >20 =
28,2%
Ressentez-vous des
baillements excessifs ?
52,1% = non, tant
mieux
37,1% = oui et je ne
sais pas pouquoi
8,9% = oui et je prends
des antidépresseurs
1,0% = oui et je prends
des anti-épileptiques
6,2% = oui et je prends
d'autres médicaments
2,3% = oui et j 'ai des
troubles neurologiques
2,4% = oui et j 'ai des
troubles hormonaux
1,4% = oui et j 'ai des
tics moteurs
1,7% = oui et j 'ai des
tocs
déclenchez-vous
facilement le bâillement d'autrui ? 74,3%
êtes-vous sensible
au bâillement d'autrui ? 68,5%
Benjamin Lee
Whorf
1897-1941
Language, Thought and
Reality
1941
"We dissect nature along lines
laid down by our native language. Language is not simply
a reporting device for experience but a defining
framework of it."
