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les articles sur la contagion du
bâillement
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articles about contagious
yawning
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- Voith and Borchelt (1996) have observed that
licking and yawning often occur in situations
involving conflict and stress. Dogs that are
uneasy or fearful of approach often exhibit
licking and lick-intention movements. They have
also observed that yawning appears to occur in
conflict situations involving a delay
gratification or frustration (e.g. waiting to be
let outdoors). Licking activity may become an
exaggerated or compulsive self-directed
behavior, sometimes resulting in lesions to the
legs. They report that when a dog is restrained
and exposed to an uneventful social situation in
which it feels uneasy or fearful, it may
involuntarily doze while sitting, or lying down
(sternal recumbency). Such dogs appear to fight
an urge to doze that develops over time in the
situation, finally losing muscle tone ans
slipping briefly into sleep, whereupon they
start and awaken to continue the vigil. Such
dogs appear conflicted between a need to
maintain alertness and an opposing urge to fall
asleep.
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- Yawning is common in similar situations of
declining attention requering an increased level
of arousal and alertness. Dogs may yawn when
forced to practice repetitive and monotonus
training exercices, such as repeated sit-way
behaviors. In some of these dogs, yawning
appears to present with penile erections, but it
is not clear whether the erection are causally
linked with the act of yawning or simply part of
coping response to such situations. Whether such
dogs are stressed, bored, drowsy, or all three
is debatable, but trainers can avoid such tedium
by keeping their training sessions brief, reward
dense, and playful. Yawning probably performs a
cognitive-enhancement function by boosting
ebbing attention under conditions in which the
dog must continue to wait or defer. Similarly,
yawning may help to mediate adjustments in
response to unsettling social situations
requiring that the dog maintain alertness while
at the same time remaining inconspicuous and
inactive. Yawning may also occur under certain
fear-eliciting social situations. For example,
Beerda and colleagues (1998) reported that
yawning and stress-related oral activities (e.g.
licking movements) occured in association with
fear produced by restraint or startle, but only
if a person was present. These findings suggets
that at least some strees-related yawning and
licking may be expressed with a social intent
(appeasement signal) that might not occur (or
occur les frequently) in absence of an
appropriate social object. In addition, licking
may perform a displacement or cut-off function,
perhaps used to appease or pacify the
approaching person or dog. A pacifying function
has been attribuated to canine yawning,
including a host of other sociosexual
communication functions (Abrantes, 1977) and a
controversial calming or reassuring effect that
is purportedly induced when an owner yawns at a
distressed dogs (Rugass, 1997).
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- In humans, yawning is partially involuntary,
socially contagious, and appears to increase
alertness and arousal (Baenninger, 1996). Once
yawning begins, it is often repeated and may
facilitate yawning by others nearby , suggesting
the possibility that it exerts a remote
contagion effect via observation; however,
merely thinking about yawning can also evoke the
response. Altough an increase in oxygen/carbon
dioxide exchange in the lungs has been proposed,
the actual physiological function of yawning has
not yet been determined. Yawning is
phylogenetically ancient and is under the
control of a variety of neurotransmitter systems
and interactions, including stress-sensitive
acetylcholine and dopamine pathways. Circulating
glucocorticoids and others neuropeptides (ACTH,
prolactin) exert a facilitative effect on
yawning consistent with a stress-related
function. Dopamine appears to play a prominent
role in the stress-related evocaton of yawning
via the release of oxytocin at the level of the
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus,
which subsequently activates an oxyticinergic
pathway projecting to the hippocampus (Argiolas,
1998), a potentially significant link-age
mediating the social contagion effects of
yawning.
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- The multifaced role of central oxytocin in
the expression of sexual behavior (perhaps
explaining the occurrence of stress-related
penile erections), social
recognition,attachement and bonding, and the
diminution of irritability and agression,
suggests that yawning may help to modulate
aversive emotional arousal produced in
association with stressful social interaction.
Among olive baboons, anxious yawning and other
self-direct behaviors (e.g. touching,
scratching, grooming, and shaking) increase
approximatively 40% if the closest group member
(whithin 5 meters) is dominant, which suggest
that such anxious behavior may sometimes possess
a social siginificance. Yawning may increase
attention in social transitions requiring
inactivity and deference, while at the same time
helping to reduce social anxiety and agressive
arousal by producing incompatible cogntive and
emotinal changes via the release of oxytocin
(e.g. enhanced social recognition) and other
neural changes conductive to peaceful social
transactions. Dogs can be trained to yawn by
means of instrumental techniques (Konorsky,
1967), which suggests the possibility thatt the
response might be infuenced by learning and used
in some instances as a deliberat signal to
indicate a readiness for increased activity,
waning patience, or other information. Many dogs
exhibit yawns that include drawn-out
high-pitched squeaking or abbreviated
highpitched howl-like sounds that conclude with
chomping or clacking sounds with a sigh of
apparent exasperation. Such variations in canin
yawning may be produced with a signaling intent,
depending on the situational occur. Audible
squeaks , chomps or clacks, and sighs may be
used to draw the owner's attention to the yawn
and to help clarify its significance, perhaps
resulting in its periodic reinforcement.
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- Licking and lick intention movements serve a
significant canine social communication function
when performed in the context of appeasement and
care-seeking situations, but it is not clear
whether licking actions performed by a person
toward a fearful or stressed dog serve to
produce a calming or reassuring effect or any
effect at all. In the case of yawning, given its
complex neurobiological nature and close
association with the central release of
oxytocin, one might best keep an open mind with
regard to its potential value as a social signal
and capacity for inducing a calming or pacifying
effect. Casual experiments by Steven Lindsay to
test the calming-signal hypothesis (i.e. the
belief that yawning or licking might produce a
calming effect in dogs) were without consistent
effect, but some dogs do respond to human
licking by licking back in turn, by averting
their gaze or head, by backing away, or by
yawning in response to repeated licking actions,
which raises the possibility that such signals
might actually produce a mildly aversive effect
in dog's attention repeatedly or petting it may
produce a calming effect of variable strength.
As a result, some caution should be exercised in
suggesting that such signals have special
calming properties, particularly when used
arbitrarily and out of context.
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Le
bâillement chez le chien - Yawning in
dogs. Nathalie Tomczyk 2009
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- Teaching Dogs to
Yawn, Sneeze, and Implications for Preparedness
Theory and Observational Learning
- JR. Perkins
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- Coping with fear
and stress: licking and yawning
- SR. Lindsay
- Handbook of applied dog
behavior and training
2000
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- Behavioural,
saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to
different types of stimuli in dogs
- Bonne Beerda, Matthijs B. H. Schilder, Jan
A. R. A. M. van Hooff, Hans W. de Vries and Jan
A. Mol
- Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 1998;58(3-4):365-381.
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- Puppy behaviours
when left home alone: a pilot study
- Diane Frank, Michela Minero, Simona Cannas,
Clara Palestrini
- Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 2007;104(1-2):61-70.
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- Evaluation of
the effects of a socialization program in a
prison on behavior and pituitary-adrenal hormone
levels of shelter dogs
- Michael B. Hennessy, Angela Morris and Fran
Linden
- Applied Animal Behaviour
Science 2006;99(1-2):157-17
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- Dogs
catch human yawns
- Joly-Mascheroni RM, Senju A, Sheperd AJ
- Biology
letters Animal
Behaviour
2008;4(5):446-448
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- Adapting
to the human world: Dogs' responsiveness to our
social cues
- Reid PJ.
- Behavioural Processes
2008;80(3)325-333.
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- Comprehension
of human pointing gestures in young human-reared
wolves (Canis lupus) and dogs (Canis
familiaris)
- Virányi Z, Gácsi M, Kubinyi E,
et al.
- Anim Cogn
2008;11(3):373-387
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- Human-like
social skills in dogs?
- Hare B, Tomasello M.
- Trends Cogn Sci
2005;9(9):439-444
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- The
domestication of social cognition in
dogs
- Hare B, Brown M, Williamson C, et al
- Science
2002;298(5598):1634-1636
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- Mouths wide open:
yawning as a communicative behavior in dogs.
Hoff AE 2001
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- Le
bâillement chez le chien. Tomczyk
N
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- Assessment
of Stress in Laboratory Beagle Dogs Constrained
by a Pavlov Sling
- Stracke J, Bert B, Fink H, Böhner
J.
- Altex. 2011;28(4):317-325
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