Télécharger textes du site

 

 
avec l'aide de
FreeFind

 
Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
Le bâillement foetal
Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
Le bâillement foetal
http://www.baillement.com
resolutionmini

mise à jour du
5 avril 2010
Ballantine books
New York
2009
How God changes your Brain
The fifth best way to exerice your brain : yawn
Andrew Newberg, Mark R. Waldman
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
 
YOU TUBE

Chat-logomini

Yawn. Go ahead: Laugh if you want (though you'll benefit your brain more if you smile), but in my professional opinion, yawning is one of the best-kept secrets in neuroscience. Even my colleagues who are researching meditation, relaxation, and stress reduction at other universities have overlooked this powerful neural-enhancing tool. However, yawning has been used for many decades in voice therapy as an effective means for reducing performance anxiety and hypertension in the throat.41
 
newberg waldman
 
Several recent brain-scan studies have shown that yawning evokes a unique neural activity in the areas of the brain that are directly involved in generating social awareness and creating feelings of empathy." One of those areas is the precuneus, a tiny structure hidden within the folds of the parietal lobe. According to researchers at the Institute of Neurology in London, the precuneus appears to play a central role in consciousness, self-reflection, and memory retrieval.43 The precuneus is also stimulated by yogic breathing, which helps explain why different forms of meditation contribute to an increased sense of selfawareness.44 It is also one of the areas hardest hit by age-related diseases and attention deficit problems,45 so it's possible that deliberate yawning may actually strengthen this important part of the brain.
 
For these reasons we believe that yawning should be integrated into exercise and stress reduction programs, cognitive and memory enhancement training, psychotherapy, and contemplative spiritual practice. And, because the precuneus has recently been associated with the mirrorneuron system in the brain (which allows us to resonate to the feelings and behaviors of others), yawning may even help us to enhance social awareness, compassion, and effective communication with others.46
 
Yawning is so effective and important to the functioning of your brain that I'm going to ask you to review for yourself the thirty-four yawn-related studies I've cited in the endnotes (you can read the abstracts and several papers by going to pubmed.gov). Why am I so insistent? Because if I were to ask you to put this book down right now and yawn ten times to experience this fabulous technique, you probably won't do it. Even at seminars, after presenting the overwhelmingly positive evidence, when I ask people to yawn, half of the audience will hesitate. I have to coax them so they can feel the immediate relaxing effects. There's an unexplained stigma in our society implying that it's rude to yawn, and most of us were taught this when we were young.
 
As a young medical student, I was once "caught" yawning and actually scolded by my professor. He said that it was inappropriate to appear tired in front of patients, even though I was actually standing in a hallway outside of the patient's room. Indeed, yawning does increase when you're tired, and it may be the brain's way of gently telling you that a little rejuvenating sleep is needed.47 On the other hand, exposure to light will also make you yawn, suggesting that it is part of the process L of waking up.48
 
But yawning doesn't just relax you it quickly brings you into a heightened state of cognitive awareness.49 Students yawn in class, not because the teacher is boring (although that will make you yawn as well, as you try to stay focused on the monotonous speech), but because it rids the brain of sleepiness, thus helping you stay focused on important concepts and ideas. It regulates consciousness and our sense of self, and helps us become more introspective and self-aware.5° Of course, if you happen to find yourself trapped in a room with a dull, boring, monotonous teacher, yawning will help keep you awake.
 
Yawning will relax you and bring you into a state of alertness faster than any other meditation technique I know of, and because it is neurologically contagious,5' it's particularly easy to teach in a group setting. One of my former students used yawning to bring her argumentative board of directors back to order in less than sixty seconds. Why? Because it helps people synchronize their behavior with others.52
 
Yawning, as a mechanism for alertness, begins within the first twenty weeks after conception.53 It helps regulate the circadian rhythms of newborns,54 and this adds to the evidence that yawning is involved in the regulation of wakefulness and sleep.55 Since circadian rhythms become asynchronous when a person's normal sleep cycle is disturbed, fawning should help the late-night partygoer reset the brain's internal clock. Yawning may also ward off the effects of jet lag and ease the discomfort caused by high altitudes.
 
So what is the underlying mechanism that makes yawning such an essential tool? Besides activating the precuneus, it regulates the temperature and metabolism of your brain.56 It takes a lot of neural energy to stay consciously alert, and as you work your way up the evolutionary ladder, brains become less energy efficient. Yawning probably evolved as a way to cool down the overly active mammalian brain, especially in the areas of the frontal lobe. Some have even argued that it is a primitive form of empathy.57 Most vertebrates yawn, but it is only contagious among humans, great apes, macaque monkeys,58 and chimpanzees.59
 
In fact, it's so contagious for humans that even reading about it will cause a person to yawn.60
 
Dogs yawn before attacking, Olympic athletes yawn before performing, and fish yawn before they change activities.61 Evidence even exists that yawning helps individuals on military assignment perform their tasks with greater accuracy and ease.62 Indeed, yawning may be one of the most important mechanisms for regulating the survival-related behaviors in mammals.63 So if you want to maintain an optimally healthy brain, it is essential that you yawn. However, excessive yawning can be a sign that an underlying neurological disorder (such as migraine, multiple sclerosis, stroke, or drug reaction) is occurring. However, we and other researchers suspect that yawning may be the brain's attempt to eliminate symptoms by readjusting neural functioning.
 
Numerous neurochemicals are involved in the yawning experience, including dopamine,65 which activates oxytocin production in your hypothalamus and hippocampus,66 areas essential for memory recall, voluntary control, and temperature regulation. These neurotransmitters regulate pleasure, sensuality, and relationship bonding between individuals, so if you want to enhance your intimacy and stay together, then yawn together. Other neurochemicals and molecules involved with yawning include acetyicholine, nitric oxide, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, ACTH, MSH, sexual hormones, and opium derivate peptides.67 In fact, it's hard to find another activity that positively influences so many functions of the brain.
 
Our advice is simple. Yawn as many times a day as possible: when you wake up, when you're confronting a difficult problem at work, when you prepare to go to sleep, and whenever you feel anger, anxiety, or stress. Yawn before giving an important talk, yawn before you take a test, and yawn while you meditate or pray because it will intensify your spiritual experience.
 
Conscious yawning takes a little practice and discipline to get over the unconscious social inhibitions, but people often come up with three other excuses not to yawn: "I don't feel like it," "I'm not tired," and my favorite, "I can't." Of course you can. All you have to do to trigger a deep yawn is to fake it six or seven times. Try it right now, and you should discover by the fifth false yawn, a real one will begin to emerge. But don't stop there, because by the tenth or twelfth yawn, you'll feel the power of this seductive little trick. Your eyes may start watering and your nose may begin to run, but you'll also feel utterly present, incredibly relaxed, and highly alert. Not bad for something that takes less than a minute to do. And if you find that you can't stop yawning-I've seen some peopk yawn for thirty minutes-you'll know that you've been depriving yourself of an important neurological treat.
 
12 ESSENTIAL REASONS TO YAWN
 
1. Stimulates alertness and concentration
 
2. Optimizes brain activity and metabolism
 
3. Improves cognitive function
 
4. Increases memory recall
 
5. Enhances consciousness and introspection
 
6. Lowers stress
 
7. Relaxes every part of your body
 
8. Improves voluntary muscle control
 
9. Enhances athletic skills
 
10. Fine-tunes your sense of time
 
11. Increases empathy and social awareness
 
12. Enhances pleasure and sensuality

 
41. Boone DR, McFarlane SC. A critical view of the yawn-sigh as a voice therapy technique. J Voice. 1993 Mar;7(l):75-8O.
 
42. Platek SM, Mohamed FB, Gallup GG Jr. Contagious yawning and the brain. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005 May;23(2-3):448-52.
 
43. Cavanna AE. The precuneus and consciousness. CNS Spectr. 2007 Jul;l2(7):54S-52.
 
44. Lou HC, Nowak M, Kjaer TW. The mental self. Prog Brain Res. 2005;150:197-204.
 
45. Karas G, Scheltens P, Rombouts S, van Schijndel R, Klein M, Jones B, van der Flier W, Vrenken H, Barkhof F. Precuneus atrophy in early-onset Alzheimer's disease: a morphometric structural MRI study. Neuroradiology. 2007 Dec;49(12):967-76.
 
46. Schulte-Rüther M, Markowitsch HJ, Fink GR, Piefke M. Mirror neuron and theory of mind mechanisms involved in face-to-face interactions: a functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to empathy. J Cogn Neurosci. 2007 Aug;19(8):1354-72.
 
47. Zilli I, Giganti F, Salzarulo P. Yawning in morning and evening types. Physiol Behav. 2007 Jun 8;91(2-3):218-22/ Guggisberg AG, Mathis J, Herrmann US, Hess CW. The functional relationship between yawning and vigilance. Behav Brain Res. 2007 Apr 16;179(1):159-66.
 
48. Giganti F, Hayes MI, Cioni G, Saizarulo P. Yawning frequency and distribution in preterm and near term infants assessed throughout 24-h recordings. Infant Behav Dey. 2007 Deq30(4):641-7.
 
49. Matikainen J, Lb H. Does yawning increase arousal through mechanical stimulation of the carotid body? Med Hypotheses. 2008;70(3):488-92.
 
50. Walusinski O. Yawning: unsuspected avenue for a better understanding of arousal and interoception. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(1):6-14.
 
51. Schürmann M, Hesse MD, Stephan KE, Saarela M, Zibles K, Han R, Fink GR. Yearning to yawn: the neural basis of contagious yawning. Neuroimage. 2005 Feb 15;24(4):1260-4.
 
52. Wong A. Why do we yawn when we are tired? And why does it seem to be contagious? Scientific American. August 12, 2002.
 
53. Sherer DM, Smith SA, Abramowicz JS. Fetal yawning in utero at 20 weeks gestation. J Ultrasound Med. 1991;10:68.
 
54. Giganti F, Hayes MJ, Cioni G, Salzarulo P. Yawning frequency and distribution in preterm and near term infants assessed throughout 24-h recordings. Infant Behav Dcv. 2007 Dec;30(4):641-7.
 
55. Giganti F, Hayes MJ, Akilesh MR, Salzarulo P. Yawning and behavioral states in premature infants. Dcv Psychobiol. 2002 Nov;41(3):289-96.
 
56. Gallup A, Gallup G. Yawning as a Brain Cooling Mechanism: Nasal Breathing and Forehead Cooling Diminish the Incidence of Contagious Yawning. Evolutionary Psychology. http://www.epjournal.net-2007. 5(1): 92-101.
 
57. Senju A, Maeda M, Kikuchi Y, Hasegawa T, Tojo Y, Osanai H. Absence of contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Biol Lett. 2007 Dec 22;3(6):706-8.
 
58. Paukner A, Anderson JR. Video-induced yawning in stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoide's). Biol Lett. 2006 Mar 22;2(1):36-8.
 
59. Anderson JR, Myowa-Yamakoshi M, Matsuzawa T Contagious yawning in chimpanzees. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences. 2004;271, Biology Letters Supplement 6: S468-S470.
 
60. Platek SM, Mohamed FB, Gallup GG Jr. Contagious yawning and the brain. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005 May;23(2-3):448-52.
 
61. Opar A.-(Quoting psychologist Robert Provine of the University of Maryland). Scientists aren't exactly sure why we yawn, but they know yawns are contagious. Seed. May 5, 2006.
 
62. Provine RR. Yawning. American Scientist, 2005 Nov-Dec;93(6):532-49.
 
63. Kita I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C. Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2008;433(3):205-8.
 
64. Singer OC, Humpich MC, Lanfermann H, Neumann-Haefelin T. Yawning in acute anterior circulation stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;78(11):1253-4.
 
65. Perriol MP, Monaca C. One person yawning sets off everyone else. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;77(1):3.
 
66. Daquin G, Micallef J, Bun O. Yawning. Sleep Med Rev. 2001 Aug;5(4):299312.
 
67. Walusinski O. Yawning: unsuspected avenue for a better understanding of arousal and interoception. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(1):6-14.
 
68. Swenson AJ, Leira EC. Paroxysmal sneezing at the onset of lateral medullary syndrome: cause or consequence? Eur J Neurol. 2007 Apr;14(4):461-3.
 

AIóe F. Yawning. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1994 Jun;52(2):273-6.
 
D'Andrea G, Nordera GP, Perini F, Allais G, Granella E Biochemistry of neuromodulation in primary headaches: focus on anomalies of tyrosine metabolism. Neurol Sci. 2007 May;28 Suppi 2:S94-6.
 
Argiolas A, Meus MR. The neuropharmacology of yawning. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Feb 5;343(1):1-16.
 
Askenasy JJ. Is yawning an arousal defense reflex? J Psychol. 1989 Nov;123(6):609-2 1.
 
Castellanos FX, Margulies DS, Kelly C, Uddin LQ, Ghaffari M, Kirsch A, Shaw D, Shehzad Z, Di Martino A, Biswal B, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Rotrosen J, Adler LA, Milham MP. Cingulate-precuneus interactions: a new locus of dysfunction in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Feb 1;63(3):332-7.
 
Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):564-83.
 
Diaz-Romero M, Arias-Montaflo JA, Eguibar JR, Flores G. Enhanced binding of dopamine Dl receptors in caudate-putamen subregions in HighYawning Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse. 2005 May;56(2):69-73.
 
Giménez-Llort L, Caflete T, Guitart-Masip M, Fernández-Teruel A, Tobena A. Two distinctive apomorphine-induced phenotypes in the Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Physiol Behav. 2005 Nov 15;86(4):458-66.
 
Gutiérrez-Alvarez AM. Do your patients suffer from excessive yawning? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Jan;115(1):80-1.
 
Goessier UR, Hein G, Sadick H, Maurer JT, Hormann K, Verse T. Physiology, role and neuropharmacology of yawning (German). Laryngorhinootologie. 2005 May;84(5):345-51.
 
Kasuya Y, Murakami T, Oshima T, Dohi S. Does yawning represent a transient arousal-shift during intravenous induction of general anesthesia? Anesth Analg. 2005 Aug;101(2):382-4.
 
Kita I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C. Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2008 Mar 15;433(3):205-8.
 
Kita I, Seki Y, Nakatani Y, Fumoto M, Oguri M, Sato-Suzuki I, Arita H. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are involved in arousal/yawning response of rats. Behav Brain Res. 2006 Apr 25;169(1):48-56.
 
Nasello AG, Tieppo CA, Felicio LE Apomorphine-induced yawning in the rat: influence of fasting and time of day. Physiol Behav. 1995 May;57(5) 967-71.
 
Platek SM, Critton SR, Myers TE, and Gallup GG. Jr. Contagious yawning: the role of self-awareness and mental state attribution. Cogn Brain Res. 2003;17:223-7.
  
Platek SM, Mohamed FB, Gallup GG Jr. Contagious yawning and the brain. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005 May;23(2-3):448-52.
 
Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I, Seki Y, Oguri M, Arita H. Cortical arousal induced by microinjection of orexins into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2002 Jan 22;128(2):169-77.
 
Schurmann M, Hesse MD, Stephan KE, Saarela M, Zilles K, Han R, Fink GR. Yearning to yawn: the neural basis of contagious yawning. Neuroimage. 2005 Feb 15;24(4):1260-4.
 
Seki Y, Nakatani Y, Kita I, Sato-Suzuki I, Oguri M, Arita H. Light induces cortical activation and yawning in rats. Behav Brain Res. 2003 Mar 18;140(12):65-73.
 
Uddin LQ, Kaplan JT, Molnar-Szakacs I, Zaidel E, lacoboni M. Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal "mirror" network in the right hemisphere: an event-related IMRI study. Neuroimage. 2005 Apr 15;25(3):926-35.
 
Völlm BA, Taylor AN, Richardson P, Corcoran R, Stirling J, McKie S, Deakin JF, Elliott R. Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task. Neuroimage. 2006 Jan 1;29(1):90-8.
 
Walusinski O. [Yawning: from birth to senescence] Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2006 Mar;4(1):39-46.
Wicks P. Excessive yawning is common in the bulbar-onset form of ALS. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Jul;1 16(1):76
 
Wong A. Why do we yawn when we are tired? And why does it seem to be contagious? Scientific American. August 12, 2002.