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 fetal-yawn

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mise à jour du
27 novembre 2003
 Early Human Development
1991; 25; 19-35
lexique
Classification and quantitative aspects of fetal movements during the second half of normal pregnancy 
PJ Roodenburg et al
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Summary
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of fetal behaviour were studied in nine healthy nulliparae during the second half of pregnancy. Continuous real-time ultrasound observations of 60 min duration were carried-out at four-weekly intervals from 20 to 36 weeks of gestation, using two dynamically focussed linear array transducers positioned lengthwise allowing viewing of saggital sections through the entire fetus. Various movement patterns were classified according to de Vries et al.
 
The reproducibility as expressed by the mean standard deviation in the analysis of the percentage incidence of the different movement patterns was good (1.6 - 2.2%). Both the incidence and percentage of observation time in which general movements were present decreased with advancing gestational age. Breathing movements frequently occurred as an isolated phenomenon; occasionally they were associated with jaw movements, swallowing, hiccups or general movements.
 
The incidence of breathing movements as well as the percentage of observation time in which breathing movements were present, demonstrated an increase up to 32 weeks with a drop at 36 weeks of gestation. Hiccups occurred episodically, following each other in regular succession. Both the incidence and the percentage of observation time in which hiccups were present fluctuated widely.
 
Stretches and startles displayed a decrease in incidence with advancing gestational age, whilst eye movements showed an increase. Rythmical jaw movements were often followed by swallowing.
 
Occasionally, yawns or tongue movements were seen. They may be combined with breathing and general movements. The incidence of jaw movements increased up to 28 weeks with a decline after. Both brief and longer periods of hand-face contacts were documented with wide variation in incidence. Head rotations frequently occurred as a single event; the incidence showed a decrease up to 28 weeks followed by an increase at 36 weeks of gestation. The incidence of head retroflexion varied widely with gestational age.
 
 
Jaw movements

Qualitative aspects. There are several types of specific movement patterns containing movements of the jaw. Isolated jaw movements may be slow or quick and their degree of jaw opening is variable. Sucking, regular rhythmic jaw movements at a rate of about 1-2 per second can be observed. This pattern is often followed by swallowing, indicating that the fetus is drinking amniotic fluid. A yawn can be observed as a movement pattern identical to that seen in infants, children and adults: slow opening, prolonged wide opening of the jaws followed by quick closure with simultaneous retroflexion of the head and sometimes elevation of the arms in exorotation. Incidentally, tongue movements can be observed. Jaw movements may be also combined with breathing movements, hiccups and general movements.

Quantitative aspects. The incidence of any kind of jaw movements expressed as median values increased from 142 at 20 weeks to 305 at 28 weeks of gestation. After 28 weeks a decline in median value was observed to 145 at 36 weeks of gestation. The regresssion coefficients revealed both negative and positive values; no significant difference from zero of the median value could be established.

fetal-yawn