The main aim of this retrospective study was to
investigate the incidence and lateralizing value of
peri-ictal yawning in patients with temporal lobe
epilepsy (TLE) who underwent successful surgery for
epilepsy (Engel class I outcome at the 2-year follow-up
visit). The authors reviewed a total of 97 patients (59
men and 38 women). Fifty-three patients had TLE arising
from the nondominant temporal lobe, and 44 had TLE
arising from the dominant temporal lobe. In total, they
reviewed 380 seizures. Of those, 202 seizures arose from
the nondominant temporal lobe and 178 from the dominant
one. Peri-ictal yawning was observed in 4 of 97 patients
(4.1%) and in 7 of 380 seizures (1.8%), in the postictal
period in all cases. Peri-ictal yawning occurred only in
patients with right-sided, nondominant TLE. It may have a
lateralizing value.
Bâillements
et épilepsie temporale
Le but de ce travail rétrospectif a
été d'examiner l'incidence et la valeur
localisatrice des bâillements survenant avant ou au
décours d'une crise épileptique temporale,
après qu'une chirurgie ait permis la disparition
des crises.
Les auteurs ont repris les dossiers de 97 malades (59
hommes et 38 femmes). 53 patients avaient des crises
temporales à partir de l'hémisphère
non-dominant et 44 à partir de
l'hémisphère dominant. Au total, ils ont
revu 380 crises épileptiques. Parmi elles, 202
avaient leur origine dans l'hémisphère
temporale non dominant et 178 dans le dominant. Les
bâillements survenant après la crise furent
retrouvés chez 4 des 97 patients (4,1%) et dans 7
des 380 crises (1,8%), toujours dans tous les cas, dans
la periode post-critique. Ces bâillements
survenaient uniquement en cas de crises temporales de
l'hémisphère droit non dominant. Les
auteurs suggèrent que les bâillements
succédant à une crise épileptique
peuvent avoir valeur de latéralisation du foyer
déclenchant.
Yawning continues to pose as a scientist's conundrum.
Evidence is presented of yawning and contagious yawning
in a number of different neurological disorders.
Explanations are discussed in the context of disparate
neurological disorders together with proposals for how
theses findings may be linked. Thus, greater
understanding of yawning and of neurological disorders
may be achieved by exploring common neurochemical
pathways and the involvement of neurotransmitters that
are implicated in these different disorders. Finally,
contagious yawning is discussed in the context of the
susceptibility of persons and the similarity this
presents with our understanding of the mechanisms
involved in hypnosis.
L'avenir clinique
du bâillement: est-il un clignotant auquel
prêter attention en neurologie ?
Le bâillement demeure énigmatique par
bien des côtés. Simon Thompson passe en
revue un certain nombre de désordres neurologiques
au cours desquels des bâillements surviennent. Il
discute d'explications plausibles entre des
données disparates afin de proposer des liens
explicatifs. Il suggère que la
compréhension de ceux-ci peut éclairer
l'implication des neurotransmetteurs et des voies
physiopathologiques atteintes au cours de
désordres variés. Enfin, la contagion du
bâillement est resituée dans son contexte de
susceptibilité à apparaître ce qui
lui permet d'apporter des explications aux
mécanismes à l'origine de l'hypnose.
As seen in the chapters of this book, yawning has
many aspects and it is very complex. We need to try
various approaches to study yawing. I will suggest
several points for future research on yawning. Yawning
can be seen in all vertebrates and can be seen at the
gestational age. Neural structures involved in yawning
may be subcortical systems including the hypothalamus.
Thus, yawning is phylogenetically and ontogenetically old
behavior. However, in this book, direct comparison of
yawning behavior among vertebrates is missing. I believe
that it is important to study primitive vertebrates, for
example reptiles. The primitive vertebrates could be a
good target to study the core neural structures and the
original function of yawning. It is necessary to clarify
the common parts and difference of yawning behavior in
lower and higher vertebrates. The correlation with sleep
or sleepiness may be evident in human subjects but this
kind of correlation must be tested in lower animals also.
In higher animals, higher brain functions or cortical
functions can be combined with the core function of
yawning. It is also necessary to compare yawning behavior
across species in higher animals. Contagious yawning is
one possible phenomenon that appeared as a result of such
integration. For this purpose, as Campbell and de Waal
suggested, we need to pay attention to standardizing
methods to enable comparison of different studies. To
study brain functions in human subjects, it is necessary
to conduct imaging studies during yawning behavior.
Imaging studies using MRI, PET, or MEG are not suitable
for this purpose. We should try other methods, for
example EEG, MRS, or SPECT for this purpose. Anyway, this
book is standing at the entrance of these studies and is
a good book for gaining insight for future studies of
yawning.
Birth of Modern Psychiatry and the Death of Alienism:
the Legacy of Jean-Martin Charcot
Bogousslavsky, J.; Moulin, T.
Jean-Martin Charcot's House Officers at La
Salpêtrière Hospital
Walusinski, O.
The Chair of Mental and Brain Diseases: Charcot's
Pupils &endash; Benjamin Ball, Alix Joffroy and Gilbert
Ballet
Tiberghien, D.
Édouard Brissaud, Fulgence Raymond and the
Succession of Charcot
Tatu, L.
Great Careers: Cornil, Bouchard, Bourneville and
Proust
Paciaroni, M.; Cittadini, E.; Bogousslavsky,
J.
Keeping the Fire Burning: Georges Gilles de la
Tourette, Paul Richer, Charles Féré and
Alfred Binet
Walusinski, O.
Renewing the Fire: Joseph Babinski
Poirier, J.; Philippon, J.
Paul Sollier: The First Clinical
Neuropsychologist
Bogousslavsky, J.; Walusinski, O.
Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and Charcot's
Psychological and Psychiatric Legacy
Pérez-Rincón, H.
Jules Bernard Luys in Charcot's Penumbra
Parent, M.; Parent, A.
Hysteria after Charcot: Back to the Future
Bogousslavsky, J.
Jules Joseph Déjerine versus Pierre Marie
Paciaroni, M.; Bogousslavsky, J.
Neurology Outside Paris following Charcot
Moulin, T.; Clarac, F.; Petit, H.; Broussolle,
E.
Birth and Death of Charcot's Scientific Journals
Poirier, J.; Ricou, P.; Leroux-Hugon, V.
Jean-Martin
Charcot, the iconic 19th century French scientist, is
still regarded today as the most famous and celebrated
neurologist in the world. Despite the development of
strong independent schools of thought in the USA, UK and
Germany, his 'Salpêtrière' school has become
symbolic of the early development and rise of
neurological practice and research.
This book presents a fresh look at the origins of
nervous system medicine, and at the fate of Charcot's
school and pupils. Special emphasis is placed upon the
parallels and interactions between developments in
neurology and mental medicine, clearly demonstrating that
Charcot is not only the father of clinical neurology, but
also wielded enormous influence upon the field we would
come to know as psychiatry.
Providing new insights into the life and work of
Charcot and his pupils, this book will make fascinating
reading for neurologists, psychiatrists, physicians and
historians.
Jean
Martin Charcot, icone du scientifique français
du XIX° siècle, est encore
considéré de nos jours comme le plus
célèbre et illustre neurologue de tous les
pays. Bien que d'autres écoles se soient
indépendamment développées aux USA
en Angleterre et en Allemagne, l'Ecole de La
Salpêtrière reste le symbole des premiers
développements et des recherches sur le
système nerveux, à l'aube de la naissance
d'une nouvelle spécialité, la
neurologie.
Ce livre présente un nouveau regard sur les
origines de la médecine du système nerveux
et la destinée de l'école fondée par
JM. Charcot au travers de ses élèves. Un
accent particulier est mis sur les développements,
à la fois parallèles et intriqués,
de la neurologie et de la psychiatrie, démontrant
clairement que JM. Charcot n'est pas seulement le
père de la neurologie mais qu'il eut aussi une
énorme influence sur l'essor de la psychiatrie
telle que nous l'envisageons maintenant.
Apportant un nouveau regard sur la vie et l'oeuvre de
Charcot et ses disciples, la lecture de ce livre
captivera tout autant les neurologues que les
psychiatres, en fait, les médecins de toutes
disciplines et les historiens.