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La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
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Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
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Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
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mise à jour du
18 avril 2002
 Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol.
1990;8:355-360  
 Color Doppler imaging of fetal yawning
H Masuzaki, M Masuzaki, T Ishimaru
Department of obstetrics and gynecology Nagasaki University, Japan
 
 
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Fetal yawning : a behavior's birth with 4D US revealed
 
Color Doppler ultrasound has been widely used to study arterial and venous circulation in fetuses. Moreover, this technique has recently been applied to the observation of fetal nasal and buccal fluid flow. In this report, we describe fetal yawning as revealed by color Doppler ultrasound.
 
 fetal yawn
 
Case report : A 26-year-old Japanese woman underwent ultrasonographic examination for fetal growth at 30 weeks' gestation. The examination was performed using an ALOKA SSD2000 ultrasound system with color-flow and spectral Doppler analysis capabilitles. A single fetus in the vertex presentation showed no structural anomalies and normal amniotic fluid volume; fetal growth was consistent with dates. At the time of facial examination, fetal yawning happened to be observed over a 5-s period. The full extent of fetal yawning was recorded ou an attached two-dimensional Cine Mode Display (ALOKA) in order to analyze the fetal nasal and buccal fluid flow associated with fetal mobihty at a precise moment in time.
 
For the first 3 s, a slow opening of the mouth was followed by maintenance of the open position without any recognizable color in the nasal or buccal area. In the next phase (3-5 s), a red-colored jet flowing from the nostrils appeared, gradually increasing with the sustained wide opening of the mouth, ending with a buccal fluid flash associated with the quick closure of the mouth.
 
Discussion : Yawning is a complex involuntary behavioral reflex induced by hunger, sleepiness or boredom. Its mechanism and functional role are not entirely known. Its behavioral aim seems to be an arousal defense reflex with subserving reversal of brain hypoxia. Notably, yawning can be used as a functioning index of the dopaminergic system in vivo in the human being.
 
 
The yawning motion can rarely be observed in the human fetus. According to de Vries and colleagues, fetal yawning is a non-repetitive movement similar to the yawn observed after birth: prolonged wide opening of the jaws followed by quick closure. It is initially observed at around 11 weeks and follows no particular gestational age-related pattern. Sepulveda and Mangiamarchi documented repetitive fetal yawning movements in detail in a 27-week fetus. They noted that several yawning movements occurred and that each individual sequence was observed for only a very short period of time, ranging from 4 to 6 s. We confirm their observation regarding the duration of yawning, but in our case, a single non-repetitive yawning movement was seen.
 
Color Doppler is able to visualize the presence of flow in the nasal fossa, mouth, pharynx, trachea and esophagus. This technique bas been used to predict fetal upper respiratory tract function and diagnose fetal cleft palate. In the present case we confirmed that fetal yawning was accompanied by a fluid movement between the amniotic cavity anf the fetal airway. Fertal jaw movements with prolonged opening of the mouth were fare more commonly observed than yawns. We assume, therefore, that color Dopller imagung of the fetal nasal and buccal area can be used to distinguish between fetal yawning and fetal jaw movement.