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21 novembre 2002
J. Neurophysiol
1998;80:2765-2775
télécharger l'intégralité de ce texte au format pdf
Stereotyped yawning responses induced
by electrical and chemical
stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the rat 
Ikuko Sato-Suzuki, Ichiro Kita, Mitsugu Oguri, Hideho Arita
Department of Physiology, Toho University School of Medicine, Ohta-ku, Tokyo,Japan

Chat-logomini

 
-Kita I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci.Letter 2008;433(3):205-208 
-Kita I, Yoshida Y, Nishino S. An activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection. Neurosci Res. 2006;54(4):269-275
-Kita I, Seki Y, Nakatani Y, Fumoto M, Oguri M, Sato-Suzuki I, Arita H. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are involved in arousal/yawning response of rats. Behav Brain Res. 2006;169(1)48-56.
-Kita I, Sato-Suzuki et al.Yawning responses induced by local hypoxia in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.Behavioural Brain Research 2000;117(1-2):119-126
-Kubota N, Amemiya S, Motoki C, Otsuka T, Nishijima T, Kita I. Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist reduces activation of noradrenalin and serotonin neurons in the locus coeruleus and dorsal raphe in the arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Res. 2012;72(4):316-323
-Kubota N, Amemiya S, Yanagita S, Nishijima T, Kita I. Emotional stress evoked by classical fear conditioning induces yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2014 Mar 11.
-Seki Y, Y Nakatani, et al Light induces cortical activation and yawning in rat Behav Brain Res 2003;140(1-2):65-73
-Seki Y, Sato-Suzuki I, et al Yawning/cortical activation induced by microinjection of histamine into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2002;134(1-2):75-82.
-Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I, Oguri M, Arita H Stereotyped yawning responses induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the rat Journal of Neurophysiology, 1998;80(5)2765-2775
-Sato-Suzuki I, I Kita, Seki Y, M Oguri, H Arita Cortical arousal induced by microinjection of orexins into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat Behavioural Brain Research 2002;128:169-177

Introduction : The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is essential for the occurrence of yawning as demonstrated by Argiolas et al. (1987) . They found that microinjection of several substances, including apomorphine, into the PVN increases the frequency of spontaneous yawns (Melis et al. 1986, 1987) and electrical lesion of the PVN prevents yawn frequency ing responses induced by apomorphine (Argiolas et al. 1987) . These data were obtained mainly by counting the number of mouth openings in conscious rats.
 
However, it is apparent from observing human subjects that yawning is not a behavior restricted to mouth opening but is a coordinated motor pattern characterized by a deep inspiration and stretching of the trunk (Bertolini and Gessa 1981; Lehmann 1979; Urba-Holmgren et al. 1977) .
 
Yawning is also accompanied by changes in autonomic function, such as lacrimation and erection (Heusner 1946; Melis et al. 1986, 1987) . Furthermore, yawning is a phenomenon that subserves arousal (Concu et al. 1974) . It is therefore of interest to examine whether these various events of yawning could be evoked simultaneously by stimulation in the PVN, on which there is little information. To evaluate various physiological aspects of yawning, we monitored polygraphic measures representing a yawning response in anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. A coordinated motor pattern of yawning was assessed by monitoring breathing [ intercostal electromyogram (EMG)], mouth opening ( digastric EMG) , and stretching of the trunk (back EMG) . Autonomic function was evaluated by measuring blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) . The autonomic measures were necessary because the PVN plays a significant role in cardiovascular regulation (Kannan et al. 1988; Wardrop and Porter 1995) . We also recorded the electrocorticogram (ECoG) to deteremine the arousal response during yawning.
 
We demonstrated that a stereotyped yawning response was reliably evoked by each stimulation of the PVN. We focused this study on features of the stereotyped yawning response.
 
To pinpoint responsive sites in the PVN, we used a combination of electrical stimulation and microinjection of L-glutamate procedures. By using a method of electrical stimulation, we systemically searched for sites in and around the PVN from which a yawning response was evoked. Then we microinjected L-glutamate in responsive sites to verify that responses were caused by neuronal cell bodies rather than fibers of passage (Goodchild et al. 1982) .We further studied the potential contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to stereotyped yawning responses. In this connection, Melis and Argiolas (1993, 1995) previously reported that NO in the PVN is an important factor influencing the yawn frequency of spontaneous yawns. We performed nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH) staining to evaluate whether nitric oxide synthase (NOS) positive neurons are localized in responsive sites for yawning. We then microinjected NOC-7, an NO-releasing compound, into the PVN and also examined whether yawning responses were suppressed by a NOS inhibitor [NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMDA)]. lire l'intégralité en format pdf
 
Abstract : Yawning was evoked by electrical or chemical stimulation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats. To evaluate physiological aspects of yawning, we monitored polygraphic measures as follows; a coordinated motor pattern of yawning was assessed by monitoring breathing intercostal electromyogram (EMG)!, mouth opening (digastric EMG), and stretching of the trunk (back EMG). We also recorded blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and the electrocorticogrann (ECG) to evaluate autonomic function and arousal responses during yawning. A stereotyped yawning response was reproducibly evoked by electrical stimulation or microinjection of L-glutamate or NOC-7, a nitric oxide (NO)- releasing compound, into the PVN. The stereotyped yawning response consisted of two sequential events, an initial response represented a depressor response and an arousal shift in the ECG to lower voltage and faster rhythms. These initial changes were followed by a behavior characterized by a single large inspiration with mouth opening and stretching of the trunk. A similar sequence of events occurred during spontaneous yawning a fall in BP and ECG arousal preceded a yawning behavior. An increase in the frequency of spontaneous yawns was also observed after microinjection of L-glutamate or NOC-7 into the PVN. Intravenous administration of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), prevented the stereotyped yawning response evoked by chemical stimulation of the PVN. Histological examination revealed that effective sites for the yawning responses were located in the medial part of the rostral PVN, the site of parvocellular and magnocellular neurons. NADPH- diaphorase histochemistry showed the existence of NOS containing cells in yawning evoked sites of the PVN. In summary, the sequential events of yawning may be generated by NOS containing parvocellular neurons in the medial part of the rostral PVN projecting to the lower brain stem.
 
-Kita I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C Intracerebroventricular administration of corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates arousal response accompanied by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci. Lettre 2008; 
-Kita I, Yoshida Y, Nishino S. An activation of parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced yawning and penile erection. Neurosci Res. 2006;54(4):269-275
-Kita I, Seki Y, Nakatani Y, Fumoto M, Oguri M, Sato-Suzuki I, Arita H. Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus are involved in arousal/yawning response of rats. Behav Brain Res. 2006; 169; 1; 48-56.
-Kita I, Sato-Suzuki et al.Yawning responses induced by local hypoxia in the paraventricular nucleus of the rat.Beh Brain Res 2000; 117; 1-2; 119 - 126
-Sato-Suzuki I, Kita I; Oguri M, Arita H Stereotyped yawning responses induced by electrical and chemical stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the rat Journal of Neurophysiology, 1998; 80, 5; 2765-2775
-Sato-Suzuki I, I Kita, YSeki, M Oguri, H Arita Cortical arousal induced by microinjection of orexins into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat Behav Brain Res 2002; 128; 169-177
-Seki Y, Y Nakatani, et al Light induces cortical activation and yawning in rat Behav Brain Res 2003; 140; 1-2; 65-73
-Seki Y, Sato-Suzuki I, et al Yawning/cortical activation induced by microinjection of histamine into the paraventricular nucleus of the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2002;134(1-2):75-82.
-Collins G, JM Witkin et al Dopamine agonist-induced yawning in rats: a dopamine d3 receptor mediated behavior J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005
-Hipolide DC; Lobo LL; De Medeiros R; Neumann B; Tufik S Treatment with dexamethasone alters yawning behavior induced by cholinergic but not dopaminergic agonist. Physiol Behav 1999; 65; 4-5; 829-32
-Hipolide DC, Tufik S Paradoxical sleep deprivation in female rats alters drug-induced behaviors Physiol Behav. 1995; 57; 6; 1139-1143
-Moyaho A, Valencia J Grooming and yawning trace adjustment to unfamiliar environments in laboratory Sprague-Dawley rats J Comp Psychol 2002; 116; 3; 263-269
-Neumann BG, Troncone LR, Braz S, Tufik S Modifications on dopaminergic and cholinergic systems induced by the water tank technique: analysis through yawning behavior. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1990; 308; 32-38
-Tufik S et al Effects of stress on drug induced yawning Physiol Behav 1995; 58; 1; 1881-1884
 
Tous les travaux de MR Melis & A Argiolas 
Tous les travaux de M Eguibar & G Holmgren
 
CONCU, A., FERRARI, W., GESSA, G. L., MEREU, G. P., AND TAGLIAMONTE. A. EEG changes induced by the intraventricular injection of ACTH in cats. In: Sleep, edited by P. Levin and W. P. Koella. 2nd Europ. Congr. Sleep Res., Rome: 1974, p. 321&endash;325.