- Aggression constitutes a central problem in
several psychopathologies, including anxiety and
depression disorders and antisocial behaviors.
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a
serious behavioral condition that afflicts
millions of individuals in the World.
-
- The underlying factors contributing to the
development of self-injury in people are poorly
understood, and existing treatment strategies
for this condition are limited.
-
- In rhesus macaques, prolonged individual
housing or stress exposed, particularly if
initiated at an early age, is implicated,
spontaneously, as a leading contributing factor
to the development of SIB.
-
- Behavioral observations were done, by
Fontenot et
al. using focal sampling techniques. Rates
of self-biting and self-directed stereotypies
and time spent displaying idiosyncratic
self-directed stereotypies decreased
significantly when group- and single-housed
animals were housed outdoors. Rates of
yawning and scratching were significantly
decreased for group- and single-housed animals
and, for group-housed animals, self-grooming
decreased with outdoor housing.
-
- Rates of self-biting, time engaging in
idiosyncratic self-directed stereotypies, and
yawning remained significantly lower
during weeks 7 through 12 (outdoor housing)
compared with those under indoor housing. Rates
of scratching and time spent self-grooming
decreased significantly during the first 6 wk
but then returned to baseline levels.
-
- These findings suggest that self-biting and
self-directed stereotypic behavior in rhesus
macaques with a history of self-injurious
behavior is significantly reduced by outdoor
housing regardless of whether animals are
socially or individually housed.
-
- Monkeys with SIB exhibit long-lasting
disturbances in central and peripheral opioid
and stress response systems and a dysregulation
of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
which lead to increased levels of anxiety,
associated with aggression-related disorders.
The increased neuronal activation of the
PVN (from which yawning
is triggered?) along with the higher ACTH
responsiveness might underlie the display of
high aggression (the medial amygdala, and
central amygdala, seem to be the areas relevant
for the regulation of aggression).
-
- Implications of these hypothesis for
understanding self-injury in patients with
borderline personality disorder and members of
the general population delay to appear. (to
imprison or to give freedom!)
-
 -
- L'agressivité est au coeur de
nombreuses psychopathologies, comme
l'anxiété, la dépression et
nombre de comportements associaux.
L'auto-mutilation est un comportement
d'auto-agressivité pathologique largement
répandu, affligeant plusieurs millions
d'individus de par le Monde.
-
- Les facteurs conduisant à cet
état morbide sont actuellement mal
compris et les traitements limités.
-
- Chez les singes macaques, l'enfermement en
cage individuelle (ou l'exposition à des
stress), d'autant qu'il a été
imposé à un plus jeune âge,
est un facteur favorisant communément
admis.
-
- Fontenot
et al ont réalisé des
observations comportementales. Ils ont pu
établir que les comportements
stéréotypiques,
répétitifs d'auto-manipulation ou
d'auto-agressivité était
significativement réduits en autorisant
une vie en groupe avec accès à un
vaste enclos externe. En particulier le nombre
de bâillements et de grattages,
indicateurs connus de niveau élevé
du stress chez le macque, diminue
fortement.
-
- Les macaques présentant une
comportement d'auto-mutilation ont des
perturbations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypohysaire
et des systèmes opioïdes
suggérant que ces structures sont
à l'origine des perturbations
comportementales.
- Une augmentation de l'activité
neuronale du PVN
(structure hypothalamique impliquée dans
le déclenchement des bâillements)
avec réponse accrue à l'ACTH
(élevant le nombre des bâillements)
serait impliquée dans
l'extériorisation de cet état
d'auto-agressivité (en liaison avec
l'amygdale comme structure corticale modulant
l'agressivité).
-
- Effects of
outdoor housing on self-injurious and
stereotypic behavior in adult male rhesus
macaques (Macaca mulatta)
- Fontenot MB, Wilkes MN, Lynch CS.
J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci.
2006;45(5):35-43.
-
- The
effects of fluoxetine and buspirone on
self-injurious and stereotypic behavior in adult
male rhesus macaques
- Fontenot MB, Padgett EE et al.
Comp Med
2005;55(1):67-74.
-
- Extinction
deficits in male rhesus macaques with a history
of self-injurious behavior
- Lutz C, Tiefenbacher S, Meyer J, Novak M.
Am J Primatol
2004;63(2):41-48
-
- Displacement
activities and arousal
- Delius JD Nature
1967;214:1259-1260
-
- Inhibition
of social behavior in chimpanzees under
high-density conditions
- Aureli F, de Waal FB Am J
Primatol 1997;41(3):
213-228
-
- Herrelko ES, Buchanan-Smith HM, Vick
SJ.
Perception of Available Space During Chimpanzee
Introductions: Number of Accessible Areas Is
More Important Than Enclosure Size. Zoo
Biology 2015;xx:1-9
-
- The
physiology and neurochemistry of self-injurious
behavior: a nonhuman primate model.
- Tiefenbacher S, Novak MA, et al.
Front Biosci.
2005;1(10):1-11
-
- Food-reinforced
yawning in Macaca tonkeana
- Anderson JR; Wunderlich D Am
J Primatol
1988;16:165-169
-
- Ethological
study of yawning in primates
- Deputte BL Ethology
1994;98: 221-245
-
- The
influence of age, sex, rank on yawning behavior
in two species of macaques
- Troisi A, Aureli F
Ethology
1990, 86, 303-310
-
- Aging,
dominance history, and social behavior in
Java-monkey.
- Veenema HC, Spruijt BM, et al.
Neurobiol Aging
1997;18(5):509-515
-
- Induced
grooming transitions and open field behaviour
differ in high- and low-yawning sublines of
Sprague-Dawley rats
- Moyaho A et al Animal
Behavior 1995; 50;
61-72
-
- Grooming
and yawning trace adjustment to unfamiliar
environments in laboratory Sprague-Dawley
rats
- Moyaho A, Valencia J J
Comparative Psychology 2002; 116; 3;
263-269
-
- A
modest proposal: displacement activities as an
indicator of emotions in primates
- Maestripieri D et al. Anim
Behav 19992;44:967-979
-
Evaluation of the
effects of a socialization program in a prison
on behavior and pituitary adrenal hormone levels
of shelter dogs
Applied Animal
Behaviour Science
2006;99(1-2):157-167
-
-
- Hennessy MB, Morris A, Linden F
- Department of Psychology,
Wright State University
- Pet Behavior and Training
Services
- Dayton, USA
-
- This study examined outcomes of an ongoing
socialization program for shelter dogs conducted
at a local prison. Dogs residing at a Humane
Society facility were assigned to either a
"Control" or "Socialization" treatment. Dogs
assigned to both treatments were administered a
pretest at the Humane Society consisting of
blood withdrawal for hormone analysis,
assessment of responses to commands, and
observation of behavior in a novel
situation.
-
- Dogs assigned to the Socialization treatment
were then transported to the prison where they
lived with, and were trained by, inmate
handlers. Dogs in the Control treatment remained
at the Humane Society and received no explicit
training. Three weeks later, dogs were
administered a posttest identical in form to the
pretest.
-
- Dogs provided the Socialization, but not
Control, treatment exhibited significant
improvement from pretest to posttest in
compliance with commands.
-
- In a novel situation, Socialization dogs
showed significantly less jumping on an
unfamiliar human and vocalizing, and
significantly more yawning, in the
posttest relative to the pretest than did
Control dogs.
-
- Whereas plasma cortisol levels did not vary
from pretest to posttest in either group, ACTH
levels unexpectedly increased with time in both
groups. Moreover, cortisol and ACTH levels were
significantly positively correlated with each
other at the posttest, but not the pretest.
-
- These results provide evidence for positive
behavioral outcomes of prison socialization
programs for shelter dogs, as well as further
support for the notion that shelter housing
results in a dysregulation of the hypothalamic
pituitary adrenal axis.
 -
- Cette étude rapporte les
modifications comportementales de chiens
gardés en chenil suivant qu'ils aient
été ou non dressés. Les
chiens dressés suatent moins, jappent
moins mais bâillent plus que les chiens
non dressés. Il semble exister un
désordre de l'axe
hypothalamo-surrénalien favorisé
par la vie chenil.
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