Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
Le bâillement foetal
Le bâillement, du réflexe à la pathologie
Le bâillement : de l'éthologie à la médecine clinique
Le bâillement : phylogenèse, éthologie, nosogénie
 Le bâillement : un comportement universel
La parakinésie brachiale oscitante
Yawning: its cycle, its role
Warum gähnen wir ?
 
Fetal yawning assessed by 3D and 4D sonography
Le bâillement foetal
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mystery of yawning 

fetal-yawn

 

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mise à jour du
15 décembre 2001
 J Ultrasound Med
1991;10(2):68
cas cliniques
Fetal Yawning In Utero at 20 Weeks Gestation
 David M. Sherer, Susan A. Smith, Jacques S. Abramowicz
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Strong Memorial Hospital
The University of Rochester, New York
 
Video de bâillement foetal à 23 semaines en Echo 4D
autres photos de bâillements foetaux
Video de bâillement foetal à 13 semaines en Echo 4D

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Tous les articles consacrés au bâillement foetal
Fetal yawning: all publications
 
 Bâillements du foetus: la naissance d'un comportementrévélée par l'échographie 4D
Fetal yawning : a behavior's birth with 4D US revealed
 
Abstract : The capacity of 4D-US to evaluate complex facial expressions allows to recognize a common behavior, yawning. Although remarkably little interest has been paid to yawning in research and medical practice, even though it is an everyday phenomenon, we submit an original interpretation on the basis of knowledge derived from phylogeny and ontogeny. As a flip-flop switch, the reciprocal interactions between sleep and wake promoting brain regions allow the emergence of distinct states of arousal. By his ontogenical links with REM sleep, yawning appears as a behavior which procures an arousal's reinforcement throught the powerful stretch and the neuromuscular rewiring induced. Yawning indicates an harmonious progress in the development of both the brainstem and the peripheral neuromuscular function, testifier the induction of an ultradian rhythm of vigilance. The lack of fetal's yawn as of swallowing, associated or not with retrognathia, may be a key to predict a brainstem's dysfunction after birth.
3D
Fetal swallowing movernents in utero have been well documented and are thought to contribute to the dynamic balance of amniotic fluid volume, especially in the latter half of pregnancy. The facial coronal view is an important tool in evaluating facial anatomical integrity. This view dernonstrates orbits, ocular lenses, eyelids, nose, and lips. In this scanning plane, movements of the tongue, chewing and wide opening of the mouth have been noted. Recently, while scanning a fetus at 20 weeks in the coronal plane, we noted a fetal yawning movement. The fetal mouth, previously closed, opened widely and remained so for 2 to 3 minutes with concomitant bilateral extension of the fetal upper extremities and flexion of the fetal head, resembling a yawning response, markedly different than a brief swallowing episode. Yawning is a complex arousal defense reflex located in the reticular brain stem with a peripheral and central arch. Currently,the etiology or the underlying stimulus evoking yawning is not known. The previous hypothesis of yawning being facilitated by higher than normal levels of C02 or lower than normal levels Of 02 blood levels has been rejected? Our above case suggests yawning is an earlyappearing mechanism functioning in utero at 20 weeks gestation.
 
References
Romero R, Pilu G, Jeanty P, et al The Face in Prenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Anomalies. Norwalk, CT, Appleton & Lange, 1988, p 81
Askenasy JJ Is yawning an arousal defense reflex? J Psychol 123:609, 1989
Provine RR, Tate BC, Geldmacher LL Yawning: No effect of 3-5% C02, 100~b 02 and exercises. Behav Neural Biol 48:382, 1987
de Vries, Visser, Prechtl The emergence of fetal behaviour Early Human Developpement 1982; 7; 301-322

foetus
 
Fetal Yawning activity in normal and high-risk fetuses:
a preliminary observation B. Petrikovsky, G. Kaplan and N. Holsten, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999;13:127-130 (texte intégral)
 
 
The Application of Color Doppler Technology to the Study of Fetal Swallowing Obstet
B Petrikovsky, GP Kaplan, H Pestrak Gynecol 1995;86:605-8
Robert S Egerman, Donald S Emerson (University of tennesse Memphis)
The New England Journal of Medecine vol 335, n°20, p1497 (photo ci-contre)
Fetal facial expressions are sometimes seen during ultrasonography. This yawning fetus studied at 34 week's gestation was born vigorous and healthy at term.
 
Brian McManus, P Devine, R Brandstetter The N England J of M vol 335, 1997, n°18, p1329
Regarding the interpretation of the image showing an ultrasonogram in which a 34 week-old fetus is repeorted to be yawning, the literature fails to define in yawning in a fetus, with the result that far too many interpretations of open mouths as yawns have been accepted. The range of variation includes, for example, a single, continuous opening of the mouth lasting three minute and a set of five repetitive openings of the mouth for four to six seconds each.There is also a discrepancy in the use of the anatomical criterion of retraction of the tongue to characterize the fetal yawn, whereas in yawning adults, the tongue is extended. Furthermore, we question the validity of the claim that such "a rarely observed" event is not just a reflex related to the swallowing of amniotic fluid and prolonged by chance alone.
Finally, if the assessment is based on accepted models in adults, there is no physiologic reason why a fetus should yawn. Doppler studies during yawning have shown no hypoxia; yawning confers no protection against atelectasis in a fluid-filled lung; because infants with anaencephaliy have been shown to yawn, the action cannot be attributed to boredom and if there is is a need to yawn, the reported repetitive nature of the action appears to signify an inability to compensate for that need.

voir aussi :

Fetal Yawning
W Sepulveda, M Mangiamarchi
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1995;5;57-59
(texte intégral)
 
Masuzaki H Color Dopplerimaging of foetal yawning Ultrasound in obstetric "&"gynecolgy 8(5)355-6 Nov 1996

The authors reply :

Although we are surprised that the glimpse of quiet, gentle act has provoked such a strong response, we recognize that reviewing a single static image may produce a skeptical response. Anyone involved with ultrasonography, however, recognizes tht it is a dynamic method, and the real-time viewing of a yawn in process is much more compelling and less open to alternative interpretations. Limitations of publishing technology prevent us from sharing the full experience with readers. Although fish, tortoises and mammals yawn, we cannot explain why human fetus would yawn. Behaviour observed in utero, including breathing, yawning, and the startle response, serves as a continuum to the activity shown in a newborn infant. It is unlikely that on emmerging from the birth canal, an infant undergoes a neuromuscular rewiring. The yawn, a rudimentary reflex, apparears to have at best an obscure pupose, if any. Perhaps, as a paralinguistic communication, it signifies a time foor a group members to rest.