Low doses of dopamine agonists produce
yawning behavior in male rats with a bell-shaped
dose-effect curve. At least part of the
explanation for this response curve is that
higher doses of agonists induce competing
behaviors, including the stereotyped actions
that are commonly associated with this class of
agents (1, 2). Up until recently it was felt
that quinpirole was a selective dopamine D2
receptor agonist (3). However, with the
discovery of a dopamine D3 receptor, it is now
realized that quinpirole has a 100-fold greater
affinity for D3 vs. D2 receptors (4). Because of
the fact that extremely low doses of dopamine
receptor agonists, including quinpirole, induce
yawning behavior in the absence of other
effects, it seems that yawning behavior may
represent a D3-mediated process. If so, this
would be one means of assessing functional
changes in D3 receptors, including induction of
supersensitivity by various conditions and after
different drug treatments. Should this
hypothesized association between D3 receptor
activation and yawning response be valid, then
there is evidence that yawning behavior, and
presumably D3 receptors, can be supersensitized
by daily quinpirole treatment during postnatal
ontogeny (5). This animal model may be useful
for studying biochemical mechanisms of D3
receptor supersensitivity. Of the various
candidate behaviors for assessing D3 receptors,
quinpirole-induced yawning is one deserving
attention.
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