Department of Physiology,
Toho University School of Medicine, Ohta-ku,
Tokyo,Japan
-Kita
I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C
Intracerebroventricular administration of
corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist
attenuates arousal response accompanied by
yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci.Letter
2008;433(3):205-208
-Kita
I, Yoshida Y, Nishino S. An activation of
parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the
paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced
yawning and penile erection. Neurosci Res.
2006;54(4):269-275
-Kita I,
Sato-Suzuki et al.Yawning responses induced
by local hypoxia in the paraventricular nucleus
of the rat.Behavioural Brain Research
2000;117(1-2):119-126
-Kubota
N, Amemiya S, Motoki C, Otsuka T, Nishijima T,
Kita I. Corticotropin-releasing factor
antagonist reduces activation of noradrenalin
and serotonin neurons in the locus coeruleus and
dorsal raphe in the arousal response accompanied
by yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci Res.
2012;72(4):316-323
-Seki Y, Y
Nakatani, et al Light induces cortical
activation and yawning in rat Behav Brain Res
2003;140(1-2):65-73
-Seki Y,
Sato-Suzuki I, et al Yawning/cortical
activation induced by microinjection of
histamine into the paraventricular nucleus of
the rat. Behav Brain Res.
2002;134(1-2):75-82.
-Sato-Suzuki I,
Kita I, Oguri M, Arita H Stereotyped yawning
responses induced by electrical and chemical
stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the
rat Journal of Neurophysiology,
1998;80(5)2765-2775
Introduction : The paraventricular
nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is essential
for the occurrence of yawning as demonstrated by
Argiolas
et al. (1987) . They found that
microinjection of several substances, including
apomorphine, into the PVN increases the
frequency of spontaneous yawns (Melis et al.
1986, 1987) and electrical lesion of the PVN
prevents yawn frequency ing responses induced by
apomorphine (Argiolas et al. 1987) . These data
were obtained mainly by counting the number of
mouth openings in conscious rats.
However, it is apparent from observing human
subjects that yawning is not a behavior
restricted to mouth opening but is a coordinated
motor pattern characterized by a deep
inspiration and stretching of the trunk
(Bertolini and Gessa 1981; Lehmann
1979; Urba-Holmgren et al. 1977) .
Yawning is also accompanied by changes in
autonomic function, such as lacrimation and
erection (Heusner
1946; Melis
et al. 1986, 1987) . Furthermore, yawning is a
phenomenon that subserves arousal (Concu et al.
1974) . It is therefore of interest to examine
whether these various events of yawning could be
evoked simultaneously by stimulation in the PVN,
on which there is little information. To
evaluate various physiological aspects of
yawning, we monitored polygraphic measures
representing a yawning response in anesthetized,
spontaneously breathing rats. A coordinated
motor pattern of yawning was assessed by
monitoring breathing [ intercostal
electromyogram (EMG)], mouth opening (
digastric EMG) , and stretching of the trunk
(back EMG) . Autonomic function was evaluated by
measuring blood pressure (BP) and heart rate
(HR) . The autonomic measures were necessary
because the PVN plays a significant role in
cardiovascular regulation (Kannan et al. 1988;
Wardrop and Porter 1995) . We also recorded the
electrocorticogram (ECoG) to deteremine the
arousal response during yawning.
We demonstrated that a stereotyped
yawning response was reliably evoked by each
stimulation of the PVN. We focused this
study on features of the stereotyped yawning
response.
To pinpoint responsive sites in the PVN, we
used a combination of electrical stimulation and
microinjection of L-glutamate procedures. By
using a method of electrical stimulation, we
systemically searched for sites in and around
the PVN from which a yawning response was
evoked. Then we microinjected L-glutamate in
responsive sites to verify that responses were
caused by neuronal cell bodies rather than
fibers of passage (Goodchild et al. 1982) .We
further studied the potential contribution of
nitric oxide (NO) to stereotyped yawning
responses. In this connection, Melis and
Argiolas (1993, 1995) previously reported that
NO in the PVN is an important factor
influencing the yawn frequency of
spontaneous yawns. We performed nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase
(NADPH) staining to evaluate whether nitric
oxide synthase (NOS) positive neurons are
localized in responsive sites for yawning. We
then microinjected NOC-7, an NO-releasing
compound, into the PVN and also examined whether
yawning responses were suppressed by a NOS
inhibitor [NG-monomethyl-L-arginine
(L-NMDA)]. lire
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Abstract : Yawning was evoked by
electrical or chemical stimulation in the
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of anesthetized,
spontaneously breathing rats. To evaluate
physiological aspects of yawning, we monitored
polygraphic measures as follows; a coordinated
motor pattern of yawning was assessed by
monitoring breathing intercostal electromyogram
(EMG)!, mouth opening (digastric EMG), and
stretching of the trunk (back EMG). We also
recorded blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and
the electrocorticogrann (ECG) to evaluate
autonomic function and arousal responses during
yawning. A stereotyped yawning response was
reproducibly evoked by electrical stimulation or
microinjection of L-glutamate or NOC-7, a nitric
oxide (NO)- releasing compound, into the PVN.
The stereotyped yawning response consisted of
two sequential events, an initial response
represented a depressor response and an arousal
shift in the ECG to lower voltage and faster
rhythms. These initial changes were followed by
a behavior characterized by a single large
inspiration with mouth opening and stretching of
the trunk. A similar sequence of events occurred
during spontaneous yawning a fall in BP and ECG
arousal preceded a yawning behavior. An increase
in the frequency of spontaneous yawns was also
observed after microinjection of L-glutamate or
NOC-7 into the PVN. Intravenous administration
of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of
nitric oxide synthase (NOS), prevented the
stereotyped yawning response evoked by chemical
stimulation of the PVN. Histological examination
revealed that effective sites for the yawning
responses were located in the medial part of the
rostral PVN, the site of parvocellular and
magnocellular neurons. NADPH- diaphorase
histochemistry showed the existence of NOS
containing cells in yawning evoked sites of the
PVN. In summary, the sequential events of
yawning may be generated by NOS containing
parvocellular neurons in the medial part of the
rostral PVN projecting to the lower brain
stem.
-Kita
I, Kubota N, Yanagita S, Motoki C
Intracerebroventricular administration of
corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist
attenuates arousal response accompanied by
yawning behavior in rats. Neurosci. Lettre
2008;
-Kita
I, Yoshida Y, Nishino S. An activation of
parvocellular oxytocinergic neurons in the
paraventricular nucleus in oxytocin-induced
yawning and penile erection. Neurosci Res.
2006;54(4):269-275
-Kita I,
Sato-Suzuki et al.Yawning responses induced
by local hypoxia in the paraventricular nucleus
of the rat.Beh Brain Res 2000; 117; 1-2; 119 -
126
-Sato-Suzuki I,
Kita I; Oguri M, Arita H Stereotyped yawning
responses induced by electrical and chemical
stimulation of paraventricular nucleus of the
rat Journal of Neurophysiology, 1998; 80, 5;
2765-2775
-Seki Y, Y
Nakatani, et al Light induces cortical
activation and yawning in rat Behav Brain Res
2003; 140; 1-2; 65-73
-Seki Y,
Sato-Suzuki I, et al Yawning/cortical
activation induced by microinjection of
histamine into the paraventricular nucleus of
the rat. Behav Brain Res.
2002;134(1-2):75-82.
-Collins
G, JM Witkin et al Dopamine agonist-induced
yawning in rats: a dopamine d3 receptor mediated
behavior J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005
-Hipolide DC; Lobo
LL; De Medeiros R; Neumann B; Tufik S
Treatment with dexamethasone alters yawning
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dopaminergic agonist. Physiol Behav 1999; 65;
4-5; 829-32
-Hipolide
DC, Tufik S Paradoxical sleep deprivation in
female rats alters drug-induced behaviors
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Valencia J Grooming and yawning trace
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Troncone LR, Braz S, Tufik S Modifications
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-Tufik S et
al Effects of stress on drug induced yawning
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G. P., AND TAGLIAMONTE. A. EEG changes induced
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